Biology Notes

1. Nutrition in animals and plants


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pneumatic comparator and solex pneumatic comparator

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Principle of pneumatic comparator The measurement is made by taking reading using master gauge of known accuracy and comparing with component reading It uses a controlled, pressurised jet of air to measure small dimensional variation in the size of component The working principle of pneumatic comparator depends on the flow of air between the gauge head and the component being checked Important characteristics Very high magnifications are possible It can be used to measure diameters, length, squareness, parallelisms, concentricity,taper, and other geometric conditions. Internal dimensions can be readily measured , in other words, while measuring a bore it can reveal complete details of size, taper, straightness,camber and bell mouth etc. It is independent of the operator skill High pressure air gauging can be done by cleaning the parts which helps to eliminate errors due to dirt and foreign matter. As there is no physical contact made either with the setting gauge (or)...
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Autocollimator and tool makers micro scope

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Autocollimator The autocollimator is an optical instrument and is used to measure angular displacements with high accuracy of 0.2 seconds arc It can also be used to measure the flatness of a large surface Collimation of light If a point source of light is placed at the focal point of convex lens ,parallel rays of light are reflected by the lens. This is known as collimation of light A device with a lens suitable for causing light rays from a point source to become parallel is known as a collimato r Auto collimation of light Auto collimation of light occurs when reflecting surface is used in conjunction with a collimation lens system The collimation rays will be reflected back from the surface These rays pass through lens ,and unless reflecting surface is perfectly tangential to the lens axis ,will be brought to a focus along side of the light source Principle of the autocollimator From the fig. The light in the form of parallel rays , i...
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interferometer and interferometry

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Interferometer Interferometer is an optical device used for measuring flatness of a surface and also for determining the thickness of slip gauges. It is an extension of the application of optical flat. Interferometers are based upon the principle of “ interference “ and employ wavelength of light as their measuring units. The interferometers make use of beam divider that splits an incoming ray into two parts. These two parts of the ray travel along different paths until they are recombined, usually in the same beam divider. An interferometer is an optical device which utilizes the effect of interference. Typically, it starts with some input beam, splits it into two separate beams with some kind of beam splitter (a partially transmissive mirror), possibly exposes some of these beams to some external influences (e.g. some length changes or refractive index changes in a transparent medium), and recombines the beams on another beam splitter. The power or the spatial shape of the resulti...
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